Case studies

4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
April 2025
Security Audit

The ZKsync VM (zero-knowledge Virtual Machine) is an essential component of the ZK Stack, designed to execute transactions similarly to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) but with a unique set of functionalities tailored to the needs of rollups.

Rust
Ethereum
ZK
VM
4000+
of something
February 2025
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

KILT is a protocol for self-sovereign data and interoperability built on top of the permissionless KILT blockchain. Secured by Polkadot, it’s secure, sustainable, and practical, with open-source tools, fiat payment options, and W3C-recognized DIDs driving global adoption.

4000+
of something
January 2025
Security Audit

Gno.land aims to become the leading open-source smart contract platform, using Gno language ⸺ an interpreted and fully deterministic variation of the Go programming language for succinct and composable smart contracts.

With transparent and timeless code, gno.land is the next generation of smart contract platforms, serving as the “GitHub” of the ecosystem, with realms built using fully transparent, auditable code that anyone can inspect and reuse.

Go
L1
VM
4000+
of something
RoofRide
May 2023 - September 2024
Interoperability Research

RoofRide is a cross-chain DEX built on the concept of atomic swaps, providing users with the highest possible level of security for exchanging assets between L1 blockchains. We have designed and prototyped the DEX for our client, which involved developing smart contracts in Solidity, creating a web app prototype integrated with the Helios light client, and designing a fully custom, off-chain P2P transport protocol for distributing and executing swap orders

- Architecture of DEX
- Atomic Swap prototype

Solidity
TON
DEX
Ethereum
Cross-chain
4000+
of something
August 2024
Custom Development

Helios represents a shift toward truly trustless blockchain interaction. Unlike traditional RPC providers that require users to trust third-party infrastructure, Helios enables direct verification of blockchain data. With Helios, you get the power and security of a full node in a lightweight package—perfect for dApps, wallets, or any platform looking for seamless, decentralized integration.

Ethereum
Cross-chain
View Source
4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
4000+
of something
July 2024
Security Audit
oak

Dusk is a L1 blockchain built from scratch to fill the gap in Web3: native private transactions, regulatory-compliant. Rusk is the official Dusk protocol node client and smart contract platform. During the audit, both consensus algorithm and node implementation has been reviewed

4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

The Hyperlane Cosmos SDK module is an open framework that enables Cosmos chains to connect with external ecosystems, such as the EVM. In the Cosmos SDK, modules act as building blocks—discrete pieces of code that add specific features and functionality to a blockchain network. With Hyperlane, Cosmos chains now have access to a flexible building block for open, permissionless interoperability, allowing them to extend connectivity beyond the Cosmos ecosystem to additional chains and platforms.

— interoperability framework:

- Merkle tree performance analysis
- CosmWasm contracts and security modules
- Major and Critical vulnerabilities found

Rust
Cosmos
Cross-chain
Merkle trees
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Our team conducted security audits for two innovative interchain solutions:

Valence Services' Rebalancer a powerful tool enabling automated treasury management for blockchains, protocols, and DAOs. The Rebalancer efficiently handles token conversions for scheduled payments and portfolio management across the interchain ecosystem.

Covenants, the interchain agreement system allowing IBC-enabled parties to form multilateral alliances through token swap agreements and protocol-owned liquidity arrangements. These modular contracts can be deployed in various configurations to suit specific protocol needs, ensuring secure cross-chain collaboration and economic relationships between crypto-native organizations.

Rust
Cosmos
DeFi
4000+
of something
October 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Transmuter is a CosmWasm contract for X:Y swapping between multiple tokens with no fees, integrated with the Osmosis zone which is a blockchain run by 150+ validators and full nodes, with many front-ends and development teams on it.

4000+
of something
Centauri
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

As the first implementation of IBC bridging to DotSama, Centauri enables the possibility for users to move digital assets seamlessly between the Polkadot/Kusama (DotSama) ecosystems and the blockchains connected to the IBC, such as the Cosmos ecosystem.

Cosmos
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
SSZ-RS
4000+
of something
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

This library is Ethereum's serialization scheme implemented in Rust and is crucial for building Ethereum consensus clients in Rust. It made possible fast, secure serialization and Merkleization of Ethereum consensus data in Rust. With SSZ, Ethereum 2.0 achieved scalable, verifiable state transitions, efficient light clients, and secure consensus through hash tree roots and compact proofs. This enabled high performance, trustless validation, and composable protocols powering Ethereum’s decentralized upgrades and innovations.

Ethereum
Rust
L1
4000+
of something
March 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

DAO DAO makes it easy to create and manage DAOs through a user-friendly visual interface. DAOs built with DAO DAO are compatible with IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication), which means your organization can interact with and manage assets or protocols across any IBC-enabled blockchain, like Osmosis, Stargaze, and Juno.

4000+
of something
January 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

NYM is a decentralized privacy project focused on providing strong network-level privacy for users and applications across multiple blockchains. Instead of just encrypting data payloads (like transactions), NYM uses a mixnet to obscure both the content and metadata of network traffic, making it hard for observers to trace communications or determine who is talking to whom. The network is underpinned by an open-source, permissionless model—anyone can run a NYM node or build apps that leverage the network’s privacy features.

Cosmos
Rust
DeFi
Mixnet
4000+
of something
October 2022
Interoperability Research

Syntropy develops decentralized systems including a blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Routing Protocol. We’ve prototyped custom networks using Polkadot SDK and Polygon Edge, analyzed EVM network scalability, performed performance testing and stress tests. Our work also includes deploying and testing and Polygon SDK, Avalanche, and Fantom, alongside security assessments of the earliest cross-chain solutions like ChainBridge and private network scripts.

- custom Substrate network
- custom Polygon Edge network
- scalability analysis of EVM-networks
- performance analysis, stress testing
- test deployments of ChainBridge
- test deployments of Avalanche
- test deployments of Fantom

Solidity
Polygon
Polkadot
Avalanche
Fantom
4000+
of something
2019-2020
Custom Development

In our collaboration with Parity Technologies, we developed a sleek and efficient DevOps-friendly CLI toolset for interacting with the Polkadot mainnet and custom Substrate networks. This toolset proves particularly beneficial for testing smart contracts and facilitating rapid prototyping.

We're proud that it has offered support for EVM since 2019!

Polkadot
Ethereum
TypeScript
View Source
4000+
of something
2014
Formal Verification

Our 2014 research, conducted in partnership with JetBrains, focused on Formal Verification and its industrial applications. To facilitate this, we enhanced the renowned Coq proof assistant, enabling it to automatically generate fully functional Java code from Coq specifications. This advancement permits the initial description and mathematical proof of a software system's core properties, followed by seamless integration into a more extensive framework.

OCaml
Formal Verification
Coq
Java
View Source
4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
April 2025
Security Audit

The ZKsync VM (zero-knowledge Virtual Machine) is an essential component of the ZK Stack, designed to execute transactions similarly to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) but with a unique set of functionalities tailored to the needs of rollups.

Rust
Ethereum
ZK
VM
4000+
of something
February 2025
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

KILT is a protocol for self-sovereign data and interoperability built on top of the permissionless KILT blockchain. Secured by Polkadot, it’s secure, sustainable, and practical, with open-source tools, fiat payment options, and W3C-recognized DIDs driving global adoption.

4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
4000+
of something
July 2024
Security Audit
oak

Dusk is a L1 blockchain built from scratch to fill the gap in Web3: native private transactions, regulatory-compliant. Rusk is the official Dusk protocol node client and smart contract platform. During the audit, both consensus algorithm and node implementation has been reviewed

4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

The Hyperlane Cosmos SDK module is an open framework that enables Cosmos chains to connect with external ecosystems, such as the EVM. In the Cosmos SDK, modules act as building blocks—discrete pieces of code that add specific features and functionality to a blockchain network. With Hyperlane, Cosmos chains now have access to a flexible building block for open, permissionless interoperability, allowing them to extend connectivity beyond the Cosmos ecosystem to additional chains and platforms.

— interoperability framework:

- Merkle tree performance analysis
- CosmWasm contracts and security modules
- Major and Critical vulnerabilities found

Rust
Cosmos
Cross-chain
Merkle trees
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Our team conducted security audits for two innovative interchain solutions:

Valence Services' Rebalancer a powerful tool enabling automated treasury management for blockchains, protocols, and DAOs. The Rebalancer efficiently handles token conversions for scheduled payments and portfolio management across the interchain ecosystem.

Covenants, the interchain agreement system allowing IBC-enabled parties to form multilateral alliances through token swap agreements and protocol-owned liquidity arrangements. These modular contracts can be deployed in various configurations to suit specific protocol needs, ensuring secure cross-chain collaboration and economic relationships between crypto-native organizations.

Rust
Cosmos
DeFi
4000+
of something
October 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Transmuter is a CosmWasm contract for X:Y swapping between multiple tokens with no fees, integrated with the Osmosis zone which is a blockchain run by 150+ validators and full nodes, with many front-ends and development teams on it.

4000+
of something
Centauri
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

As the first implementation of IBC bridging to DotSama, Centauri enables the possibility for users to move digital assets seamlessly between the Polkadot/Kusama (DotSama) ecosystems and the blockchains connected to the IBC, such as the Cosmos ecosystem.

Cosmos
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
SSZ-RS
4000+
of something
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

This library is Ethereum's serialization scheme implemented in Rust and is crucial for building Ethereum consensus clients in Rust. It made possible fast, secure serialization and Merkleization of Ethereum consensus data in Rust. With SSZ, Ethereum 2.0 achieved scalable, verifiable state transitions, efficient light clients, and secure consensus through hash tree roots and compact proofs. This enabled high performance, trustless validation, and composable protocols powering Ethereum’s decentralized upgrades and innovations.

Ethereum
Rust
L1
4000+
of something
March 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

DAO DAO makes it easy to create and manage DAOs through a user-friendly visual interface. DAOs built with DAO DAO are compatible with IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication), which means your organization can interact with and manage assets or protocols across any IBC-enabled blockchain, like Osmosis, Stargaze, and Juno.

4000+
of something
January 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

NYM is a decentralized privacy project focused on providing strong network-level privacy for users and applications across multiple blockchains. Instead of just encrypting data payloads (like transactions), NYM uses a mixnet to obscure both the content and metadata of network traffic, making it hard for observers to trace communications or determine who is talking to whom. The network is underpinned by an open-source, permissionless model—anyone can run a NYM node or build apps that leverage the network’s privacy features.

Cosmos
Rust
DeFi
Mixnet
4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
April 2025
Security Audit

The ZKsync VM (zero-knowledge Virtual Machine) is an essential component of the ZK Stack, designed to execute transactions similarly to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) but with a unique set of functionalities tailored to the needs of rollups.

Rust
Ethereum
ZK
VM
4000+
of something
RoofRide
May 2023 - September 2024
Interoperability Research

RoofRide is a cross-chain DEX built on the concept of atomic swaps, providing users with the highest possible level of security for exchanging assets between L1 blockchains. We have designed and prototyped the DEX for our client, which involved developing smart contracts in Solidity, creating a web app prototype integrated with the Helios light client, and designing a fully custom, off-chain P2P transport protocol for distributing and executing swap orders

- Architecture of DEX
- Atomic Swap prototype

Solidity
TON
DEX
Ethereum
Cross-chain
4000+
of something
August 2024
Custom Development

Helios represents a shift toward truly trustless blockchain interaction. Unlike traditional RPC providers that require users to trust third-party infrastructure, Helios enables direct verification of blockchain data. With Helios, you get the power and security of a full node in a lightweight package—perfect for dApps, wallets, or any platform looking for seamless, decentralized integration.

Ethereum
Cross-chain
View Source
4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
SSZ-RS
4000+
of something
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

This library is Ethereum's serialization scheme implemented in Rust and is crucial for building Ethereum consensus clients in Rust. It made possible fast, secure serialization and Merkleization of Ethereum consensus data in Rust. With SSZ, Ethereum 2.0 achieved scalable, verifiable state transitions, efficient light clients, and secure consensus through hash tree roots and compact proofs. This enabled high performance, trustless validation, and composable protocols powering Ethereum’s decentralized upgrades and innovations.

Ethereum
Rust
L1
4000+
of something
October 2022
Interoperability Research

Syntropy develops decentralized systems including a blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Routing Protocol. We’ve prototyped custom networks using Polkadot SDK and Polygon Edge, analyzed EVM network scalability, performed performance testing and stress tests. Our work also includes deploying and testing and Polygon SDK, Avalanche, and Fantom, alongside security assessments of the earliest cross-chain solutions like ChainBridge and private network scripts.

- custom Substrate network
- custom Polygon Edge network
- scalability analysis of EVM-networks
- performance analysis, stress testing
- test deployments of ChainBridge
- test deployments of Avalanche
- test deployments of Fantom

Solidity
Polygon
Polkadot
Avalanche
Fantom
4000+
of something
2019-2020
Custom Development

In our collaboration with Parity Technologies, we developed a sleek and efficient DevOps-friendly CLI toolset for interacting with the Polkadot mainnet and custom Substrate networks. This toolset proves particularly beneficial for testing smart contracts and facilitating rapid prototyping.

We're proud that it has offered support for EVM since 2019!

Polkadot
Ethereum
TypeScript
View Source
4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

The Hyperlane Cosmos SDK module is an open framework that enables Cosmos chains to connect with external ecosystems, such as the EVM. In the Cosmos SDK, modules act as building blocks—discrete pieces of code that add specific features and functionality to a blockchain network. With Hyperlane, Cosmos chains now have access to a flexible building block for open, permissionless interoperability, allowing them to extend connectivity beyond the Cosmos ecosystem to additional chains and platforms.

— interoperability framework:

- Merkle tree performance analysis
- CosmWasm contracts and security modules
- Major and Critical vulnerabilities found

Rust
Cosmos
Cross-chain
Merkle trees
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Our team conducted security audits for two innovative interchain solutions:

Valence Services' Rebalancer a powerful tool enabling automated treasury management for blockchains, protocols, and DAOs. The Rebalancer efficiently handles token conversions for scheduled payments and portfolio management across the interchain ecosystem.

Covenants, the interchain agreement system allowing IBC-enabled parties to form multilateral alliances through token swap agreements and protocol-owned liquidity arrangements. These modular contracts can be deployed in various configurations to suit specific protocol needs, ensuring secure cross-chain collaboration and economic relationships between crypto-native organizations.

Rust
Cosmos
DeFi
4000+
of something
October 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Transmuter is a CosmWasm contract for X:Y swapping between multiple tokens with no fees, integrated with the Osmosis zone which is a blockchain run by 150+ validators and full nodes, with many front-ends and development teams on it.

4000+
of something
Centauri
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

As the first implementation of IBC bridging to DotSama, Centauri enables the possibility for users to move digital assets seamlessly between the Polkadot/Kusama (DotSama) ecosystems and the blockchains connected to the IBC, such as the Cosmos ecosystem.

Cosmos
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
4000+
of something
March 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

DAO DAO makes it easy to create and manage DAOs through a user-friendly visual interface. DAOs built with DAO DAO are compatible with IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication), which means your organization can interact with and manage assets or protocols across any IBC-enabled blockchain, like Osmosis, Stargaze, and Juno.

4000+
of something
January 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

NYM is a decentralized privacy project focused on providing strong network-level privacy for users and applications across multiple blockchains. Instead of just encrypting data payloads (like transactions), NYM uses a mixnet to obscure both the content and metadata of network traffic, making it hard for observers to trace communications or determine who is talking to whom. The network is underpinned by an open-source, permissionless model—anyone can run a NYM node or build apps that leverage the network’s privacy features.

Cosmos
Rust
DeFi
Mixnet
4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
February 2025
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

KILT is a protocol for self-sovereign data and interoperability built on top of the permissionless KILT blockchain. Secured by Polkadot, it’s secure, sustainable, and practical, with open-source tools, fiat payment options, and W3C-recognized DIDs driving global adoption.

4000+
of something
Centauri
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

As the first implementation of IBC bridging to DotSama, Centauri enables the possibility for users to move digital assets seamlessly between the Polkadot/Kusama (DotSama) ecosystems and the blockchains connected to the IBC, such as the Cosmos ecosystem.

Cosmos
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
4000+
of something
October 2022
Interoperability Research

Syntropy develops decentralized systems including a blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Routing Protocol. We’ve prototyped custom networks using Polkadot SDK and Polygon Edge, analyzed EVM network scalability, performed performance testing and stress tests. Our work also includes deploying and testing and Polygon SDK, Avalanche, and Fantom, alongside security assessments of the earliest cross-chain solutions like ChainBridge and private network scripts.

- custom Substrate network
- custom Polygon Edge network
- scalability analysis of EVM-networks
- performance analysis, stress testing
- test deployments of ChainBridge
- test deployments of Avalanche
- test deployments of Fantom

Solidity
Polygon
Polkadot
Avalanche
Fantom
4000+
of something
2019-2020
Custom Development

In our collaboration with Parity Technologies, we developed a sleek and efficient DevOps-friendly CLI toolset for interacting with the Polkadot mainnet and custom Substrate networks. This toolset proves particularly beneficial for testing smart contracts and facilitating rapid prototyping.

We're proud that it has offered support for EVM since 2019!

Polkadot
Ethereum
TypeScript
View Source
4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
April 2025
Security Audit

The ZKsync VM (zero-knowledge Virtual Machine) is an essential component of the ZK Stack, designed to execute transactions similarly to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) but with a unique set of functionalities tailored to the needs of rollups.

Rust
Ethereum
ZK
VM
4000+
of something
RoofRide
May 2023 - September 2024
Interoperability Research

RoofRide is a cross-chain DEX built on the concept of atomic swaps, providing users with the highest possible level of security for exchanging assets between L1 blockchains. We have designed and prototyped the DEX for our client, which involved developing smart contracts in Solidity, creating a web app prototype integrated with the Helios light client, and designing a fully custom, off-chain P2P transport protocol for distributing and executing swap orders

- Architecture of DEX
- Atomic Swap prototype

Solidity
TON
DEX
Ethereum
Cross-chain
4000+
of something
August 2024
Custom Development

Helios represents a shift toward truly trustless blockchain interaction. Unlike traditional RPC providers that require users to trust third-party infrastructure, Helios enables direct verification of blockchain data. With Helios, you get the power and security of a full node in a lightweight package—perfect for dApps, wallets, or any platform looking for seamless, decentralized integration.

Ethereum
Cross-chain
View Source
4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
SSZ-RS
4000+
of something
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

This library is Ethereum's serialization scheme implemented in Rust and is crucial for building Ethereum consensus clients in Rust. It made possible fast, secure serialization and Merkleization of Ethereum consensus data in Rust. With SSZ, Ethereum 2.0 achieved scalable, verifiable state transitions, efficient light clients, and secure consensus through hash tree roots and compact proofs. This enabled high performance, trustless validation, and composable protocols powering Ethereum’s decentralized upgrades and innovations.

Ethereum
Rust
L1
4000+
of something
October 2022
Interoperability Research

Syntropy develops decentralized systems including a blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Routing Protocol. We’ve prototyped custom networks using Polkadot SDK and Polygon Edge, analyzed EVM network scalability, performed performance testing and stress tests. Our work also includes deploying and testing and Polygon SDK, Avalanche, and Fantom, alongside security assessments of the earliest cross-chain solutions like ChainBridge and private network scripts.

- custom Substrate network
- custom Polygon Edge network
- scalability analysis of EVM-networks
- performance analysis, stress testing
- test deployments of ChainBridge
- test deployments of Avalanche
- test deployments of Fantom

Solidity
Polygon
Polkadot
Avalanche
Fantom
4000+
of something
2019-2020
Custom Development

In our collaboration with Parity Technologies, we developed a sleek and efficient DevOps-friendly CLI toolset for interacting with the Polkadot mainnet and custom Substrate networks. This toolset proves particularly beneficial for testing smart contracts and facilitating rapid prototyping.

We're proud that it has offered support for EVM since 2019!

Polkadot
Ethereum
TypeScript
View Source
4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
Centauri
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

As the first implementation of IBC bridging to DotSama, Centauri enables the possibility for users to move digital assets seamlessly between the Polkadot/Kusama (DotSama) ecosystems and the blockchains connected to the IBC, such as the Cosmos ecosystem.

Cosmos
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
4000+
of something
October 2022
Interoperability Research

Syntropy develops decentralized systems including a blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Routing Protocol. We’ve prototyped custom networks using Polkadot SDK and Polygon Edge, analyzed EVM network scalability, performed performance testing and stress tests. Our work also includes deploying and testing and Polygon SDK, Avalanche, and Fantom, alongside security assessments of the earliest cross-chain solutions like ChainBridge and private network scripts.

- custom Substrate network
- custom Polygon Edge network
- scalability analysis of EVM-networks
- performance analysis, stress testing
- test deployments of ChainBridge
- test deployments of Avalanche
- test deployments of Fantom

Solidity
Polygon
Polkadot
Avalanche
Fantom
4000+
of something
January 2025
Security Audit

Gno.land aims to become the leading open-source smart contract platform, using Gno language ⸺ an interpreted and fully deterministic variation of the Go programming language for succinct and composable smart contracts.

With transparent and timeless code, gno.land is the next generation of smart contract platforms, serving as the “GitHub” of the ecosystem, with realms built using fully transparent, auditable code that anyone can inspect and reuse.

Go
L1
VM
4000+
of something
July 2024
Security Audit
oak

Dusk is a L1 blockchain built from scratch to fill the gap in Web3: native private transactions, regulatory-compliant. Rusk is the official Dusk protocol node client and smart contract platform. During the audit, both consensus algorithm and node implementation has been reviewed

SSZ-RS
4000+
of something
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

This library is Ethereum's serialization scheme implemented in Rust and is crucial for building Ethereum consensus clients in Rust. It made possible fast, secure serialization and Merkleization of Ethereum consensus data in Rust. With SSZ, Ethereum 2.0 achieved scalable, verifiable state transitions, efficient light clients, and secure consensus through hash tree roots and compact proofs. This enabled high performance, trustless validation, and composable protocols powering Ethereum’s decentralized upgrades and innovations.

Ethereum
Rust
L1
4000+
of something
snowbridge
March-April 2025 (V2)
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Snowbridge is a general-purpose, trustless (no multisigs), and decentralized bridge between Polkadot and Ethereum. It is part of the Polkadot SDK and exists as a common-good bridge on BridgeHub. Snowbridge launched on the Polkadot mainnet in June 2024 and has been running smoothly ever since.

The bridge's total locked value (TVL) exceeds $70 million USD.

Ethereum
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
Solidity
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
August 2024
Custom Development

Helios represents a shift toward truly trustless blockchain interaction. Unlike traditional RPC providers that require users to trust third-party infrastructure, Helios enables direct verification of blockchain data. With Helios, you get the power and security of a full node in a lightweight package—perfect for dApps, wallets, or any platform looking for seamless, decentralized integration.

Ethereum
Cross-chain
View Source
4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
4000+
of something
November 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

The Hyperlane Cosmos SDK module is an open framework that enables Cosmos chains to connect with external ecosystems, such as the EVM. In the Cosmos SDK, modules act as building blocks—discrete pieces of code that add specific features and functionality to a blockchain network. With Hyperlane, Cosmos chains now have access to a flexible building block for open, permissionless interoperability, allowing them to extend connectivity beyond the Cosmos ecosystem to additional chains and platforms.

— interoperability framework:

- Merkle tree performance analysis
- CosmWasm contracts and security modules
- Major and Critical vulnerabilities found

Rust
Cosmos
Cross-chain
Merkle trees
In partnership with Oak
View Report
4000+
of something
Centauri
June 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

As the first implementation of IBC bridging to DotSama, Centauri enables the possibility for users to move digital assets seamlessly between the Polkadot/Kusama (DotSama) ecosystems and the blockchains connected to the IBC, such as the Cosmos ecosystem.

Cosmos
Polkadot
Cross-chain
Rust
4000+
of something
RoofRide
May 2023 - September 2024
Interoperability Research

RoofRide is a cross-chain DEX built on the concept of atomic swaps, providing users with the highest possible level of security for exchanging assets between L1 blockchains. We have designed and prototyped the DEX for our client, which involved developing smart contracts in Solidity, creating a web app prototype integrated with the Helios light client, and designing a fully custom, off-chain P2P transport protocol for distributing and executing swap orders

- Architecture of DEX
- Atomic Swap prototype

Solidity
TON
DEX
Ethereum
Cross-chain
4000+
of something
axelar network
August 2024
Security Audit

Axelar is a cross-chain General Message Passing platform unlocking cross-chain swaps and calls across multiple networks. The audit was conducted on Code4rena and included thorough code review of Interchain Token Service contracts and gateways on Ethereum and Cosmos

Cross-chain
DEX
Ethereum
Solidity
Rust
Cosmos
4000+
of something
October 2023
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

Transmuter is a CosmWasm contract for X:Y swapping between multiple tokens with no fees, integrated with the Osmosis zone which is a blockchain run by 150+ validators and full nodes, with many front-ends and development teams on it.

4000+
of something
2014
Formal Verification

Our 2014 research, conducted in partnership with JetBrains, focused on Formal Verification and its industrial applications. To facilitate this, we enhanced the renowned Coq proof assistant, enabling it to automatically generate fully functional Java code from Coq specifications. This advancement permits the initial description and mathematical proof of a software system's core properties, followed by seamless integration into a more extensive framework.

OCaml
Formal Verification
Coq
Java
View Source
4000+
of something
January 2025
Security Audit

Gno.land aims to become the leading open-source smart contract platform, using Gno language ⸺ an interpreted and fully deterministic variation of the Go programming language for succinct and composable smart contracts.

With transparent and timeless code, gno.land is the next generation of smart contract platforms, serving as the “GitHub” of the ecosystem, with realms built using fully transparent, auditable code that anyone can inspect and reuse.

Go
L1
VM
4000+
of something
February 2025
Security Audit
oak
In partnership with Oak

KILT is a protocol for self-sovereign data and interoperability built on top of the permissionless KILT blockchain. Secured by Polkadot, it’s secure, sustainable, and practical, with open-source tools, fiat payment options, and W3C-recognized DIDs driving global adoption.

4000+
of something
January 2025
Security Audit

Gno.land aims to become the leading open-source smart contract platform, using Gno language ⸺ an interpreted and fully deterministic variation of the Go programming language for succinct and composable smart contracts.

With transparent and timeless code, gno.land is the next generation of smart contract platforms, serving as the “GitHub” of the ecosystem, with realms built using fully transparent, auditable code that anyone can inspect and reuse.

Go
L1
VM

Contact

Whether you're gearing up for a thorough audit or are still in the planning stages of your project, we encourage you to get in touch. Our expertise extends to architecture and security consulting, catering to a diverse range of needs. Rest assured, all inquiries are attentively processed during business hours. You can expect a response within an hour; however, we appreciate your patience if it occasionally takes a few days.

Thank you for your inquiry! We've received your message and will respond soon.
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.